{"id":1835,"date":"2026-10-20T08:52:47","date_gmt":"2026-10-20T08:52:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/eye-glossary\/limbus\/"},"modified":"2026-10-20T12:56:58","modified_gmt":"2026-10-20T12:56:58","slug":"limbus","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/en\/eye-glossary\/limbus\/","title":{"rendered":"Limbus of the Eye: What It Is, What It Does and Conditions That Affect It"},"content":{"rendered":"<!-- Hero (Text only) Start -->\n<section class=\"page-hero\" id=\"top\">\n\t<div class=\"phero-inner pad one compact container-fluid\"><div class=\"row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"phero-left col-12\">\n\t\t\t<div data-hero-in><ol class=\"crumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/en\/\">Home<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/en\/eye-health\/\">Knowledge centre<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/en\/eye-glossary\/\">Eye glossary A\u2013Z<\/a><\/li><li><span aria-current=\"page\">Limbus of the Eye: What It Is, What It Does and Conditions That Affect It<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/div>\t\t\t<h1 class=\"t64 hero-title phero-title\" data-lines>Limbus of the Eye: What It Is, What It Does and Conditions That Affect It<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<!-- Hero (Text only) End -->\n\n\n<!-- Heading (Definition card) Start -->\n<section class=\"psec pad def-sec\" id=\"definition\"><div class=\"container-fluid px-0\"><div class=\"row g-0\"><div class=\"col-12\"><div class=\"def-card\" data-reveal>\n\t\t<span class=\"def-label\"><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-book\"\/><\/svg>Definition<\/span>\n\t\t\t<p class=\"def-text\"><strong>Limbus<\/strong> <em>(noun; also called the corneal limbus or corneoscleral limbus)<\/em>: the limbus of the eye is the narrow ring where the clear cornea in front of the iris meets the white sclera and the conjunctiva. It is the home of the limbal stem cells that keep renewing the surface of the cornea, and it acts as a barrier that stops the conjunctiva and its blood vessels growing across the cornea. Damage to the limbus can therefore cloud the cornea and affect the success of corneal surgery, which is why cornea specialists such as Do\u00e7. Dr. Muhammet Derda \u00d6zer at Laser Istanbul Clinic check it carefully.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<!-- Heading (Definition card) End -->\n\n\n<!-- Stats (Key facts) Start -->\n<section class=\"panel\" id=\"key-facts\"><div class=\"container-fluid px-0\"><div class=\"row g-0\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t<div class=\"sec-head is-center row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\"><h2 class=\"t48 sec-title\" data-reveal>Limbus of the eye: key facts<\/h2><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"fact-grid row row-cols-1 row-cols-sm-2 row-cols-lg-3\" data-stagger>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col\"><dl class=\"fact-cell h-100\"><dt><svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-eye\"\/><\/svg><span>Where it is<\/span><\/dt><dd>The circular border between the cornea (the clear front window) and the sclera (the white of the eye); the conjunctiva begins here and extends back to the fornices (the pockets under the eyelids)<\/dd><\/dl><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col\"><dl class=\"fact-cell h-100\"><dt><svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-scan\"\/><\/svg><span>What it looks like<\/span><\/dt><dd>A thin ring around the edge of the coloured iris, often seen as a slightly darker or blurred band, depending on pigmentation<\/dd><\/dl><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col\"><dl class=\"fact-cell h-100\"><dt><svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-shield\"\/><\/svg><span>Where it is widest<\/span><\/dt><dd>At the top (superior) and bottom (inferior) of the cornea<\/dd><\/dl><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col\"><dl class=\"fact-cell h-100\"><dt><svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-clock\"\/><\/svg><span>What lives there<\/span><\/dt><dd>Limbal epithelial stem cells, held in a protected niche formed by radial ridges called the palisades of Vogt<\/dd><\/dl><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col\"><dl class=\"fact-cell h-100\"><dt><svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-user\"\/><\/svg><span>Blood supply<\/span><\/dt><dd>The cornea itself has no blood vessels; the limbus sits at the edge of the vascular tissue outside the cornea, which feeds the stem cells<\/dd><\/dl><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col\"><dl class=\"fact-cell h-100\"><dt><svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-doc\"\/><\/svg><span>Main jobs<\/span><\/dt><dd>Renewing the corneal surface, blocking conjunctival tissue and vessels from entering the cornea, and nourishing the corneal edge<\/dd><\/dl><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col\"><dl class=\"fact-cell h-100\"><dt><svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-star\"\/><\/svg><span>Common problems<\/span><\/dt><dd>Limbal stem cell deficiency, chemical burns, pterygium, allergic limbal disease (vernal keratoconjunctivitis)<\/dd><\/dl><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col\"><dl class=\"fact-cell h-100\"><dt><svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-heart\"\/><\/svg><span>Specialist<\/span><\/dt><dd>Cornea specialist (ophthalmologist); at Laser Istanbul Clinic, Do\u00e7. Dr. Muhammet Derda \u00d6zer<\/dd><\/dl><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<p class=\"note-sm\" data-reveal>Note on titles: &#8220;Do\u00e7.&#8221; is the Turkish title for an Associate Professor, the academic rank held by Do\u00e7. Dr. \u00d6zer.<\/p>\n\t<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<!-- Stats (Key facts) End -->\n\n\n<!-- Image + Text (Image left, text right) Start -->\n<section class=\"psec pad split-sec\" id=\"where-is-the-limbus-of-the-eye\"><div class=\"container-fluid px-0\"><div class=\"row g-0\"><div class=\"col-12\"><div class=\"split\"><div class=\"row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"split-media col-12 col-lg-6\" data-reveal><div class=\"media\" data-parallax><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eye-iris-illustration-light.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"Illustration of an iris on a light background\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 991px) 100vw, 50vw\" srcset=\"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eye-iris-illustration-light.webp 1000w, https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eye-iris-illustration-light-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eye-iris-illustration-light-150x150.webp 150w, https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eye-iris-illustration-light-768x768.webp 768w\" \/><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"split-copy col-12 col-lg-6\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"t48\" data-reveal>Where is the limbus of the eye?<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"t22 lede\" data-reveal>The limbus is the transition zone between three tissues: the transparent cornea, the opaque white sclera and the thin, clear conjunctiva that covers the sclera. Looking at an eye in the mirror, it is the edge of the coloured part: the point where the dome of the cornea ends and the white of the eye begins.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prose\" data-reveal><p data-reveal>Two details are useful to know:<\/p>\n<ul data-reveal>\n<li><strong>The limbus is not the same width all round.<\/strong> It is widest at the top and bottom of the cornea, narrower at the sides.<\/li>\n<li><strong>The conjunctiva starts at the limbus.<\/strong> It extends from here back to the fornices, so the limbus is also the edge of the &#8220;ocular surface&#8221;, the shared skin of the cornea and conjunctiva that tears keep wet and healthy. See <a href=\"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/en\/eye-glossary\/tear-film-and-tear-glands\/\">Glossary: Tear film and tear glands<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/en\/eye-glossary\/eyeball\/\">Glossary: Eyeball<\/a> for how the surface and the whole eyeball fit together.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<!-- Image + Text (Image left, text right) End -->\n\n\n<!-- Table (Table on a dark panel) Start -->\n<section class=\"panel dark\" id=\"limbus-structure-the-palisades-of-vogt-and-the-stem-cell-nic\"><div class=\"container-fluid px-0\"><div class=\"row g-0\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t<h2 class=\"t48 sec-title\" data-reveal>Limbus structure: the palisades of Vogt and the stem cell niche<\/h2>\n\t\t\t<p class=\"t22 sec-lead\" data-reveal>Under the microscope, the limbus is not a plain line. In many people, especially younger and more pigmented eyes, the upper and lower limbus is arranged in <strong>palisades of Vogt<\/strong>: radial, fence-like ridges, with hairpin-shaped blood vessels, that run outward from the cornea.<\/p>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"tbl-flow\"><div class=\"tbl-wrap\" data-reveal><table class=\"tbl rsp\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Feature<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it is<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Why it matters<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\"><strong>Palisades of Vogt<\/strong><\/th><td data-label=\"What it is\">Radial ridges at the corneoscleral border, more regular and prominent at the lower and upper limbus and seen only infrequently on the horizontal sides<\/td><td data-label=\"Why it matters\">They increase surface area, blood supply and protection for the stem cells; each person&#8217;s pattern is individual<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><strong>Limbal epithelial stem cells<\/strong><\/th><td data-label=\"What it is\">Stem cells in the basal (deepest) layer of the surface epithelium, sitting in pigmented crypts in the palisades<\/td><td data-label=\"Why it matters\">They keep producing new surface cells for the central cornea throughout life<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><strong>Blood vessels<\/strong><\/th><td data-label=\"What it is\">A rich network of fine vessels at the limbus<\/td><td data-label=\"Why it matters\">Stem cells need nutrition from blood vessels, so they must sit at the periphery, outside the clear cornea<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><strong>Boundary with the conjunctiva<\/strong><\/th><td data-label=\"What it is\">The point where corneal-type surface cells give way to conjunctival-type cells<\/td><td data-label=\"Why it matters\">It keeps the conjunctiva, and the blood vessels that come with it, from growing across the cornea<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p data-reveal><strong>Why the stem cells are kept at the edge:<\/strong> the centre of the cornea has to stay perfectly clear, so it has no blood vessels, yet stem cells need a blood supply. The solution is to place them at the very edge, in the limbus, and let the new cells they produce move inward over time.<\/p><\/div>\t<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<!-- Table (Table on a dark panel) End -->\n\n\n<!-- Image + Text (Text left, image right) Start -->\n<section class=\"psec pad split-sec\" id=\"limbus-function-what-does-the-limbus-do\"><div class=\"container-fluid px-0\"><div class=\"row g-0\"><div class=\"col-12\"><div class=\"split rev\"><div class=\"row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"split-media col-12 col-lg-6\" data-reveal><div class=\"media\" data-parallax><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eye-iris-illustration-dark-1024x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"Illustration of an iris on a dark background\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 991px) 100vw, 50vw\" srcset=\"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eye-iris-illustration-dark-1024x1024.webp 1024w, https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eye-iris-illustration-dark-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eye-iris-illustration-dark-150x150.webp 150w, https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eye-iris-illustration-dark-768x768.webp 768w, https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eye-iris-illustration-dark.webp 1400w\" \/><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"split-copy col-12 col-lg-6\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"t48\" data-reveal>Limbus function: what does the limbus do?<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"t22 lede\" data-reveal><strong>1. It renews the surface of the cornea.<\/strong> The outer layer of the cornea, the epithelium, wears out and is replaced constantly. According to EyeWiki (American Academy of Ophthalmology), the limbus is where the stem cells that supply that renewal are found. When the surface is scratched, the same stem cells help it heal.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prose\" data-reveal><p data-reveal><strong>2. It acts as a barrier.<\/strong> The limbus plays an important role in preventing the cornea being invaded by conjunctiva and its blood vessels. A cornea covered by conjunctiva-like cells and new vessels is no longer clear.<\/p>\n<p data-reveal><strong>3. It supplies nutrition.<\/strong> Its vessels carry nutrients to the stem cells and the corneal edge.<\/p>\n<p data-reveal><strong>4. It is a landmark for surgeons.<\/strong> The limbus is where the cornea ends, so many eye operations are planned relative to it. For example, limbal relaxing incisions, used to reduce astigmatism and often combined with cataract surgery, are partial-thickness cuts placed in the clear cornea close to the limbus (approximately 0.5 mm).<\/p>\n<h3 data-reveal>Does a corneal transplant include the limbus?<\/h3>\n<p data-reveal>Usually not. A standard full-thickness corneal graft (penetrating keratoplasty) uses donor tissue that does not include limbal stem cells, and partial-thickness grafts for the inner layers (DSAEK, DMEK) replace only the back of the cornea, so the patient&#8217;s own limbus stays in place. That is fine when the patient&#8217;s own limbal stem cells are healthy. When they are not, a transplant alone will not last, because the new cornea is left with no way of renewing its surface. This is the main reason a surgeon examines the limbus before recommending a transplant.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<!-- Image + Text (Text left, image right) End -->\n\n\n<!-- Cards (Feature cards: 3 columns) Start -->\n<section class=\"panel\" id=\"limbus-conditions-what-can-go-wrong\">\n\t<div class=\"container-fluid px-0\"><div class=\"row g-0\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t<div class=\"sec-head is-center row\"><div class=\"col-12\"><h2 class=\"t48 sec-title\" data-reveal>Limbus conditions: what can go wrong?<\/h2><\/div><\/div><div class=\"features row row-cols-1 row-cols-md-2 row-cols-lg-3\" data-stagger><div class=\"col\"><div class=\"feat h-100\"><span class=\"feat-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg width=\"26\" height=\"26\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-eye\"\/><\/svg><\/span><h3>Limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD)<\/h3><p>LSCD means the limbal stem cells are lost or too few to keep the corneal surface healthy. Without them, the surface cannot repair itself, and the cornea suffers persistent surface defects, conjunctival cells and new blood vessels growing over it, scarring and chronic inflammation. The disease may be present from birth or acquired, and it may affect one eye or both.<\/p><p>Causes include:<\/p><ul class=\"check-list\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-check\"\/><\/svg><span><strong>Chemical or thermal burns<\/strong> (acid, alkali, heat)<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-check\"\/><\/svg><span><strong>Inflammatory diseases<\/strong> such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome and ocular cicatricial pemphigoid<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-check\"\/><\/svg><span><strong>Infections<\/strong> such as herpes keratitis and trachoma<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-check\"\/><\/svg><span><strong>Previous eye surgery<\/strong>, long-term toxic effects of some eye-drop preservatives (benzalkonium chloride), chemotherapy and <strong>contact lens overwear<\/strong><\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-check\"\/><\/svg><span><strong>Genetic conditions<\/strong> such as aniridia (PAX6 gene changes), Turner syndrome and dyskeratosis congenita<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div class=\"col\"><div class=\"feat h-100\"><span class=\"feat-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg width=\"26\" height=\"26\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-scan\"\/><\/svg><\/span><h3>Chemical burns and limbal ischaemia<\/h3><p>After a chemical injury, a key question is how much of the limbus survives: loss of blood supply (ischaemia) at the limbus is measured in clock hours around the cornea. A review of ocular-surface chemical injuries in <em>The Ocular Surface<\/em> states that the proportion of surviving limbal tissue is a major prognostic factor, and the classic Roper-Hall grading treats more than 12 clock hours of limbal ischaemia as a poor-prognosis injury.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"col\"><div class=\"feat h-100\"><span class=\"feat-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg width=\"26\" height=\"26\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-shield\"\/><\/svg><\/span><h3>Pterygium<\/h3><p>A pterygium is a wing-shaped growth that starts in the conjunctiva at the limbus (usually on the side nearest the nose) and creeps across onto the cornea. Ultraviolet light is the main driver, so it is more common near the equator, in dry climates and in people who work outdoors. Many are symptom-free; larger ones cause irritation, redness, astigmatism and, eventually, blocked vision.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"col\"><div class=\"feat h-100\"><span class=\"feat-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg width=\"26\" height=\"26\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-clock\"\/><\/svg><\/span><h3>Corneal arcus (arcus senilis)<\/h3><p>A white, grey or blue-grey ring of fatty deposits (mostly cholesterol) around the edge of the cornea, which starts as arcs at the top and bottom. It is very common with ageing, causes no symptoms or vision problems and needs no treatment. A ring appearing before middle age deserves a medical check, as it can go with high cholesterol.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"col\"><div class=\"feat h-100\"><span class=\"feat-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg width=\"26\" height=\"26\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-doc\"\/><\/svg><\/span><h3>Allergic limbal disease (vernal keratoconjunctivitis)<\/h3><p>In the limbal form of this severe allergy, the conjunctiva at the limbus thickens and small white dots (Horner-Trantas dots, made of degenerated surface cells and eosinophils) appear along it. It mainly affects young males in hot, dry climates, typically between the ages of 5 and 25, and causes intense itching, light sensitivity and ropy mucus.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<!-- Cards (Feature cards: 3 columns) End -->\n\n\n<!-- Table (Table on a tinted panel) Start -->\n<section class=\"panel\" id=\"limbus-symptoms-signs-that-the-limbus-or-limbal-stem-cells-a\"><div class=\"container-fluid px-0\"><div class=\"row g-0\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t<h2 class=\"t48 sec-title\" data-reveal>Limbus symptoms: signs that the limbus or limbal stem cells are affected<\/h2>\n\t\t\t<p class=\"t22 sec-lead\" data-reveal>Early limbal problems can be quiet. More advanced ones usually show up as a combination of the following:<\/p>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"tbl-flow\"><div class=\"tbl-wrap\" data-reveal><table class=\"tbl rsp\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Symptom or sign<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it can point to<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Chronic redness, especially around the cornea<\/th><td data-label=\"What it can point to\">Limbal inflammation, LSCD<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Blurred or declining vision<\/th><td data-label=\"What it can point to\">Surface damage, conjunctival ingrowth, scarring<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Light sensitivity, tearing, a foreign-body feeling<\/th><td data-label=\"What it can point to\">LSCD, surface breakdown, allergic limbal disease<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Recurring episodes of pain from the surface breaking down<\/th><td data-label=\"What it can point to\">LSCD with repeated epithelial defects<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">New blood vessels growing onto the cornea<\/th><td data-label=\"What it can point to\">LSCD, chronic inflammation<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Fleshy, wing-shaped tissue growing from the white of the eye toward the pupil<\/th><td data-label=\"What it can point to\">Pterygium<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Small white dots at the corneal edge with severe itching<\/th><td data-label=\"What it can point to\">Vernal keratoconjunctivitis<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">A white or grey ring at the edge of the cornea, no symptoms<\/th><td data-label=\"What it can point to\">Corneal arcus<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Intolerance of contact lenses<\/th><td data-label=\"What it can point to\">LSCD, ocular surface disease<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div>\t<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<!-- Table (Table on a tinted panel) End -->\n\n\n<!-- List (Checklist cards) Start -->\n<section class=\"psec pad\" id=\"how-is-the-limbus-examined\"><div class=\"container-fluid px-0\"><div class=\"row g-0\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"sec-head is-center row\"><div class=\"col-12\"><h2 class=\"t48 sec-title\" data-reveal>How is the limbus examined?<\/h2><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"checklist row row-cols-1 row-cols-lg-2\" data-stagger>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"col\"><div class=\"ck-item h-100\"><svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-check\"\/><\/svg><span><strong>Slit-lamp examination.<\/strong> A microscope with a bright, thin beam of light shows the limbus in detail. Fluorescein dye viewed under cobalt-blue light is essential to detect the subtle signs of LSCD, including loss of the palisades, a whorl-like staining pattern (vortex keratopathy) and fine new vessels.<\/span><\/div><\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"col\"><div class=\"ck-item h-100\"><svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-check\"\/><\/svg><span><strong>Impression cytology.<\/strong> A small piece of filter paper picks up surface cells; finding conjunctival goblet cells on the cornea confirms that conjunctiva has grown across it. It has been considered the &#8220;gold standard&#8221; for diagnosing LSCD.<\/span><\/div><\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"col\"><div class=\"ck-item h-100\"><svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-check\"\/><\/svg><span><strong>In vivo confocal microscopy.<\/strong> A very high-resolution scan of the surface shows microscopic changes, such as loss of the palisades, which can appear before changes are visible on the slit lamp.<\/span><\/div><\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"col\"><div class=\"ck-item h-100\"><svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-check\"\/><\/svg><span><strong>Anterior segment OCT.<\/strong> A non-invasive scan that measures epithelial thickness and the structure of the limbus.<\/span><\/div><\/li>\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sec-foot-flow prose\"><p data-reveal>At Laser Istanbul Clinic, corneal topography, OCT and biometry are part of every pre-operative examination in Istanbul, and your surgeon reviews your existing scans before you book.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<!-- List (Checklist cards) End -->\n\n\n<!-- Table (Table on a dark panel) Start -->\n<section class=\"panel dark\" id=\"how-are-limbus-conditions-treated\"><div class=\"container-fluid px-0\"><div class=\"row g-0\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t<h2 class=\"t48 sec-title\" data-reveal>How are limbus conditions treated?<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tbl-flow\"><div class=\"tbl-wrap\" data-reveal><table class=\"tbl rsp\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Condition and stage<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Treatment<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Notes<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Chemical burn (first aid)<\/th><td data-label=\"Treatment\">Rinse the eye immediately and keep rinsing; then go to emergency care<\/td><td data-label=\"Notes\">Timing matters more than the type of fluid; clean tap water is appropriate when nothing else is available<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Partial LSCD<\/th><td data-label=\"Treatment\">Preservative-free lubricants, autologous serum drops, steroid or cyclosporine drops, bandage contact lenses<\/td><td data-label=\"Notes\">Aims to protect the remaining stem cells and calm inflammation<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Total LSCD, one eye<\/th><td data-label=\"Treatment\">Stem cells from the healthy eye: conjunctival limbal autograft (CLAU), cultivated limbal epithelial transplantation (CLET) or simple limbal epithelial transplantation (SLET)<\/td><td data-label=\"Notes\">In one review, CLAU success was 80\u201390% in one-eye disease. CLET success was about 76% across 583 patients in a review of studies. SLET has shown good early results in small series. Taking a small piece (less than 4\u20136 clock hours) from the healthy eye carries a low risk to that eye<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Total LSCD, both eyes<\/th><td data-label=\"Treatment\">Stem cells from a donor (keratolimbal allograft, KLAL)<\/td><td data-label=\"Notes\">Needs long-term, possibly lifelong immunosuppressive medicines; vision improved by two or more lines in 31\u201367% of eyes in one meta-analysis<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Burns in adults (cultured product)<\/th><td data-label=\"Treatment\">Holoclar, a cultured stem-cell product made from the patient&#8217;s own limbal cells<\/td><td data-label=\"Notes\">Approved by the European Medicines Agency in 2015 for moderate to severe LSCD from burns; in studies, 72% (75 of 104 patients) had a successful implant one year later<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Scarred or clouded cornea after the surface is restored<\/th><td data-label=\"Treatment\">Corneal transplant<\/td><td data-label=\"Notes\">Surface problems are treated first, because new corneal tissue cannot last on a failing surface<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Pterygium<\/th><td data-label=\"Treatment\">Surgery: removal with a conjunctival graft<\/td><td data-label=\"Notes\">Recurrence is roughly 5\u201310% with a graft, against up to 80% when the growth is simply cut away<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Vernal keratoconjunctivitis<\/th><td data-label=\"Treatment\">Anti-allergy drops, steroid drops for moderate to severe flares, then cyclosporine or tacrolimus<\/td><td data-label=\"Notes\">Long-term immunomodulating drops let patients avoid dependence on steroids<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Corneal arcus<\/th><td data-label=\"Treatment\">None needed<\/td><td data-label=\"Notes\">Have cholesterol checked if it appears early<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p data-reveal><strong>Treatment with us:<\/strong> corneal conditions, cross-linking and corneal transplants are led by Do\u00e7. Dr. Muhammet Derda \u00d6zer. If you have been told you need a corneal transplant, he can look at your scans and tell you whether the surface and limbus look healthy enough for a graft to last, or whether the surface needs treatment first.<\/p><div class=\"links-row\" data-reveal><a class=\"link-arrow\" href=\"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/en\/corneal-transplant-turkey\/\">Corneal transplant (DMEK \/ DSAEK \/ PK) <svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-arrow\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<!-- Table (Table on a dark panel) End -->\n\n\n<!-- Image + Text (Image left, text right) Start -->\n<section class=\"psec pad split-sec\" id=\"when-to-see-a-doctor-about-your-limbus\"><div class=\"container-fluid px-0\"><div class=\"row g-0\"><div class=\"col-12\"><div class=\"split\"><div class=\"row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"split-media col-12 col-lg-6\" data-reveal><div class=\"media\" data-parallax><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/blue-eye-close-up.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"Close-up of a blue eye\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 991px) 100vw, 50vw\" srcset=\"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/blue-eye-close-up.webp 1024w, https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/blue-eye-close-up-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/blue-eye-close-up-150x150.webp 150w, https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/blue-eye-close-up-768x768.webp 768w\" \/><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"split-copy col-12 col-lg-6\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"t48\" data-reveal>When to see a doctor about your limbus<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prose\" data-reveal><div class=\"list-card\" data-reveal><h3>Seek same-day care from an eye doctor or eye emergency service if you have:<\/h3><ul class=\"check-list\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-check\"\/><\/svg><span>a chemical in the eye: start rinsing at once and keep rinsing while you get to emergency care<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-check\"\/><\/svg><span>a painful red eye with sensitivity to light, especially if you wear contact lenses<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-check\"\/><\/svg><span>a sudden drop in vision or a white spot on the cornea<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"list-card\" data-reveal><h3>Book a routine appointment if you notice:<\/h3><ul class=\"check-list\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-check\"\/><\/svg><span>redness around the cornea that does not go away<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-check\"\/><\/svg><span>repeated episodes of pain, watering and light sensitivity<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-check\"\/><\/svg><span>new blood vessels or fleshy tissue growing across the cornea<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-check\"\/><\/svg><span>a white or grey ring at the edge of the cornea appearing in your thirties or younger<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-check\"\/><\/svg><span>intense seasonal itching and light sensitivity in a child or young person<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p data-reveal>If you have already been diagnosed, for instance with limbal stem cell deficiency or a scarred cornea, and want a second opinion before a transplant, you can send your scans for review before you travel.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<!-- Image + Text (Image left, text right) End -->\n\n\n<!-- FAQ (FAQ accordion) Start -->\n<section class=\"faq pad\" id=\"faq\"><div class=\"container-fluid px-0\"><div class=\"row g-0\"><div class=\"col-12\"><div class=\"faq-grid\">\n\t<div class=\"faq-side\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"t48\" data-reveal>Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"acc\" data-stagger>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-item is-open\"><h3><button type=\"button\" class=\"t32\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"faq-cb9d7396-a1\" id=\"faq-cb9d7396-q1\">What is the limbus of the eye?<svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-plus\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/h3><div class=\"acc-panel\" id=\"faq-cb9d7396-a1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"faq-cb9d7396-q1\"><div class=\"acc-body\"><p data-reveal>The limbus is the narrow ring where the clear cornea meets the white sclera and conjunctiva. It contains the limbal stem cells that renew the corneal surface and a barrier that keeps conjunctival tissue off the cornea.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-item\"><h3><button type=\"button\" class=\"t32\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"faq-cb9d7396-a2\" id=\"faq-cb9d7396-q2\">Where is the limbus?<svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-plus\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/h3><div class=\"acc-panel\" id=\"faq-cb9d7396-a2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"faq-cb9d7396-q2\"><div class=\"acc-body\"><p data-reveal>It is at the edge of the coloured part of the eye, where the cornea ends and the white of the eye begins. It is widest at the top and bottom of the cornea.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-item\"><h3><button type=\"button\" class=\"t32\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"faq-cb9d7396-a3\" id=\"faq-cb9d7396-q3\">What are limbal stem cells?<svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-plus\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/h3><div class=\"acc-panel\" id=\"faq-cb9d7396-a3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"faq-cb9d7396-q3\"><div class=\"acc-body\"><p data-reveal>Limbal stem cells sit in the deepest layer of the surface epithelium at the limbus, in pigmented crypts called the palisades of Vogt. They keep making new surface cells for the cornea throughout life, which is why the surface can heal after a scratch.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-item\"><h3><button type=\"button\" class=\"t32\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"faq-cb9d7396-a4\" id=\"faq-cb9d7396-q4\">What happens if the limbal stem cells are lost?<svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-plus\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/h3><div class=\"acc-panel\" id=\"faq-cb9d7396-a4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"faq-cb9d7396-q4\"><div class=\"acc-body\"><p data-reveal>The cornea can no longer renew its surface. Conjunctival cells and new blood vessels grow over it, it becomes cloudy and scarred, and painful surface breakdown can recur. This is called limbal stem cell deficiency.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-item\"><h3><button type=\"button\" class=\"t32\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"faq-cb9d7396-a5\" id=\"faq-cb9d7396-q5\">Can limbal stem cell deficiency be treated?<svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-plus\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/h3><div class=\"acc-panel\" id=\"faq-cb9d7396-a5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"faq-cb9d7396-q5\"><div class=\"acc-body\"><p data-reveal>Often, yes. Mild or partial disease is managed with lubricants, autologous serum, anti-inflammatory drops and bandage lenses. Total deficiency needs stem cell transplantation: from the patient&#8217;s healthy eye if only one eye is affected, or from a donor with long-term immunosuppression if both are. Results vary, and a corneal transplant can follow if scarring remains.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-item\"><h3><button type=\"button\" class=\"t32\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"faq-cb9d7396-a6\" id=\"faq-cb9d7396-q6\">Does a corneal transplant include the limbus?<svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-plus\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/h3><div class=\"acc-panel\" id=\"faq-cb9d7396-a6\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"faq-cb9d7396-q6\"><div class=\"acc-body\"><p data-reveal>No. A standard full-thickness graft does not include limbal stem cells, and inner-layer grafts such as DSAEK and DMEK leave your own limbus in place. If your own limbal stem cells are lost, a transplant alone will not last.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-item\"><h3><button type=\"button\" class=\"t32\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"faq-cb9d7396-a7\" id=\"faq-cb9d7396-q7\">Is the limbus the same as the game Limbus Company?<svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-plus\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/h3><div class=\"acc-panel\" id=\"faq-cb9d7396-a7\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"faq-cb9d7396-q7\"><div class=\"acc-body\"><p data-reveal>No. Limbus Company is a video game with no connection to eye health. This page covers the limbus of the human eye. If you have concerns about your eyes, the free consultation below is for you.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-item\"><h3><button type=\"button\" class=\"t32\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"faq-cb9d7396-a8\" id=\"faq-cb9d7396-q8\">Is a pterygium part of the limbus?<svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-plus\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/h3><div class=\"acc-panel\" id=\"faq-cb9d7396-a8\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"faq-cb9d7396-q8\"><div class=\"acc-body\"><p data-reveal>A pterygium grows from the conjunctiva at the limbus onto the cornea. It is a conjunctival growth rather than a disease of the limbus itself, but it starts there and crosses it. Surgery with a conjunctival graft has a recurrence rate of roughly 5\u201310%.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is the limbus of the eye?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The limbus is the narrow ring where the clear cornea meets the white sclera and conjunctiva. It contains the limbal stem cells that renew the corneal surface and a barrier that keeps conjunctival tissue off the cornea.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Where is the limbus?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"It is at the edge of the coloured part of the eye, where the cornea ends and the white of the eye begins. 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If you have concerns about your eyes, the free consultation below is for you.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Is a pterygium part of the limbus?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"A pterygium grows from the conjunctiva at the limbus onto the cornea. It is a conjunctival growth rather than a disease of the limbus itself, but it starts there and crosses it. Surgery with a conjunctival graft has a recurrence rate of roughly 5\u201310%.\"}}]}<\/script><\/section>\n<!-- FAQ (FAQ accordion) End -->\n\n\n<!-- Cards (Feature cards: 3 columns) Start -->\n<section class=\"psec pad\" id=\"related-terms\">\n\t<div class=\"container-fluid px-0\"><div class=\"row g-0\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t<div class=\"sec-head is-center row\"><div class=\"col-12\"><h2 class=\"t48 sec-title\" data-reveal>Related terms<\/h2><\/div><\/div><div class=\"features row row-cols-1 row-cols-md-2 row-cols-lg-3\" data-stagger><div class=\"col\"><div class=\"feat rel h-100\"><h3><a href=\"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/en\/eye-glossary\/cornea\/\">Cornea<\/a><\/h3><p>the clear dome at the front of the eye, ending at the limbus.<\/p><a class=\"feat-go\" href=\"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/en\/eye-glossary\/cornea\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\">Read more <svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-arrow\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"col\"><div class=\"feat rel h-100\"><h3><a href=\"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/en\/eye-glossary\/eyeball\/\">Eyeball<\/a><\/h3><p>the whole globe of the eye.<\/p><a class=\"feat-go\" href=\"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/en\/eye-glossary\/eyeball\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\">Read more <svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-arrow\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"col\"><div class=\"feat rel h-100\"><h3><a href=\"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/en\/eye-glossary\/tear-film-and-tear-glands\/\">Tear film and tear glands<\/a><\/h3><p>the tears that keep the ocular surface wet and healthy.<\/p><a class=\"feat-go\" href=\"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/en\/eye-glossary\/tear-film-and-tear-glands\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\">Read more <svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-arrow\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"col\"><div class=\"feat rel h-100\"><h3>Sclera<\/h3><p>the white outer wall of the eye, which the cornea joins at the limbus.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"col\"><div class=\"feat rel h-100\"><h3>Conjunctiva<\/h3><p>the thin clear membrane covering the white of the eye.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"col\"><div class=\"feat rel h-100\"><h3>Limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD)<\/h3><p>loss of the stem cells that renew the corneal surface.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"col\"><div class=\"feat rel h-100\"><h3>Palisades of Vogt<\/h3><p>radial ridges at the limbus that shelter the stem cells.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"col\"><div class=\"feat rel h-100\"><h3>Pterygium<\/h3><p>a wing-shaped conjunctival growth that grows across the limbus onto the cornea.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"col\"><div class=\"feat rel h-100\"><h3>Keratoplasty<\/h3><p>the medical name for a corneal transplant.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"col\"><div class=\"feat rel h-100\"><h3><a href=\"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/en\/eye-glossary\/\">Eye glossary A\u2013Z<\/a><\/h3><a class=\"feat-go\" href=\"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/en\/eye-glossary\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\">Read more <svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#i-arrow\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<!-- Cards (Feature cards: 3 columns) End -->\n\n\n<!-- List (Sources and medical review) Start -->\n<section class=\"psec pad tight\"><div class=\"container-fluid px-0\"><div class=\"row g-0\"><div class=\"col-12\"><details class=\"sources\" data-reveal><summary class=\"t22\">Sources for the facts on this page<\/summary><ol>\n\t\t<li>Sridhar MS. Anatomy of cornea and ocular surface. <em>Indian J Ophthalmol<\/em> 2018;66(2):190\u2013194. https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC5819093\/<\/li>\n\t\t<li>Goldberg MF, Bron AJ. Limbal palisades of Vogt. <em>Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc<\/em> 1982;80:155\u2013171. https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC1312261\/<\/li>\n\t\t<li>EyeWiki (AAO). Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency. https:\/\/eyewiki.org\/Limbal_Stem_Cell_Deficiency<\/li>\n\t\t<li>EyeWiki (AAO). Basic Histology of the Eye and Accessory Structures. https:\/\/eyewiki.org\/Basic_Histology_of_the_Eye_and_Accessory_Structures<\/li>\n\t\t<li>Le Q, Xu J, Deng SX. The diagnosis of limbal stem cell deficiency. <em>Ocul Surf<\/em> 2018;16(1):58\u201369. https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC5844504\/<\/li>\n\t\t<li>Baradaran-Rafii A, Eslani M, Haq Z, et al. Current and upcoming therapies for ocular surface chemical injuries. <em>Ocul Surf<\/em> 2017;15(1):48\u201364. https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC5191942\/<\/li>\n\t\t<li>American Academy of Ophthalmology. Chemical burns (ocular emergencies). https:\/\/www.aao.org\/eye-health\/diseases\/chemical-burns<\/li>\n\t\t<li>EyeWiki (AAO). Pterygium. https:\/\/eyewiki.org\/Pterygium<\/li>\n\t\t<li>American Academy of Ophthalmology. What Is Arcus Senilis? https:\/\/www.aao.org\/eye-health\/diseases\/what-is-arcus-senilis<\/li>\n\t\t<li>EyeWiki (AAO). Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis. https:\/\/eyewiki.org\/Vernal_Keratoconjunctivitis<\/li>\n\t\t<li>EyeWiki (AAO). Limbal Relaxing Incisions. https:\/\/eyewiki.org\/Limbal_Relaxing_Incisions<\/li>\n\t\t<li>European Medicines Agency. Holoclar (EPAR). https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/EPAR\/holoclar<\/li>\n\t\t<li>NHS. Cornea transplant. https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/cornea-transplant\/<\/li>\n\t<\/ol><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<!-- List (Sources and medical review) End -->\n\n\n<!-- Call to Action (Assessment band) Start -->\n<section class=\"cta-band\" id=\"assessment\">\n\t<div class=\"contact-bg\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"cta-inner pad container-fluid\"><div class=\"row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"col-12 col-lg-7\"><div class=\"cta-copy\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"t64\" data-reveal>Been told you need a corneal transplant, or have a cloudy or scarred cornea?<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"t22\" data-reveal>Send us your scans or eye report. Do\u00e7. Dr. Muhammet Derda \u00d6zer, our cornea specialist, will review them and tell you which treatments may suit your eyes, with no obligation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cta-actions\" data-reveal><a class=\"pill pill-white\" href=\"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/en\/free-consultation\/\"><span class=\"pill-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"pill-label\">Free online consultation: upload your prescription and scans<\/span><\/a><a class=\"pill pill-line\" href=\"https:\/\/wa.me\/4915783739465?text=Hello%20Laser%20Istanbul%20Clinic%2C%20I%20would%20like%20some%20information%20about%20eye%20treatment.%20Sent%20from%3A%20https%3A%2F%2Flaseristanbulclinic.com%2Fen%2F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"pill-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"pill-label\">WhatsApp: +49 157 8373 9465<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12 col-lg-5\"><div class=\"proof-card\" data-reveal>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"proof-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"t48\">3 eye surgeons<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"t22\">Your case is reviewed by a named surgeon, not a salesperson. Reply within <span class=\"ph\">{{response time}}<\/span>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"avatars\" aria-label=\"Our surgeons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/prof-dr-ahmet-satici-ophthalmologist-istanbul-150x150.webp\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Prof. Dr. Ahmet Sat\u0131c\u0131\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/prof-dr-ahmet-satici-ophthalmologist-istanbul-150x150.webp 150w, https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/prof-dr-ahmet-satici-ophthalmologist-istanbul-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/prof-dr-ahmet-satici-ophthalmologist-istanbul-768x768.webp 768w, https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/prof-dr-ahmet-satici-ophthalmologist-istanbul.webp 806w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><span class=\"tip\">Prof. Dr. Ahmet Sat\u0131c\u0131<\/span><\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/doc-dr-muhammet-derda-ozer-cornea-specialist-istanbul-150x150.webp\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Do\u00e7. Dr. Muhammet Derda \u00d6zer\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><span class=\"tip\">Do\u00e7. Dr. Muhammet Derda \u00d6zer<\/span><\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/op-dr-aysan-bayram-eye-surgeon-istanbul-150x150.webp\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Op. Dr. Aysan Bayram\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/op-dr-aysan-bayram-eye-surgeon-istanbul-150x150.webp 150w, https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/op-dr-aysan-bayram-eye-surgeon-istanbul-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/op-dr-aysan-bayram-eye-surgeon-istanbul-768x768.webp 768w, https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/op-dr-aysan-bayram-eye-surgeon-istanbul.webp 806w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><span class=\"tip\">Op. Dr. Aysan Bayram<\/span><\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<!-- Call to Action (Assessment band) End -->\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":0,"parent":1756,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1835","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1835","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1835"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1835\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2980,"href":"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1835\/revisions\/2980"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1756"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/laseristanbulclinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1835"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}